As biological fungicides become more available, more cost-effective, easier to handle and better understood, their use is expected to increase.
In the tradition-steeped greenhouse industry, where evolution is much more common than revolution, biological fungicides have made remarkably quick inroads. Whereas 10 years ago only a handful of greenhouse growers knew about -- much less used -- biological fungicides, today these products are widely applied and accepted. As biological fungicides become more available, more cost-effective, easier to handle and better understood, their use is expected to increase.
Naturally occurring organisms
Biological fungicides contain naturally occurring beneficial microorganisms that combat certain plant pathogens. Depending on the biofungicide and the method of application, these products can combat soil-borne root pathogens such as Pythium, Phytophthora, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Thielaviopsis and Verticillium, or foliar diseases/pathogens such as powdery mildew, bacterial spot, Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Alternaria.
Rhizome-inhabiting biofungicides for root diseases are applied as a dry granular formulation or as a liquid drench. They have been on the
Most biofungicides are either bacteria- or fungi-based. Bacteria-based biofungicides include products that contain patented strains of bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces lydicus. Common brand names of bacterially based biofungicides include
Control methods
The beneficial bacteria or fungi in biofungicides work by combating pathogens in multiple ways, primarily through competition, predation and the production of antibodies.
Competition. When used as a soil drench or when applied as a granular in the growing medium, a biofungicide introduces thousands of beneficial microbes to the root zone. These beneficial microbes claim squatters’ rights and compete with disease-producing pathogens by crowding them out. The beneficial microbes take up spaces in the medium that pathogens might otherwise inhabit and compete with pathogens for food sources. When applied as a foliar spray, a similar crowding-out effect takes place.
Predation. Beneficial microbes can prey on pathogens by disrupting the cell-wall formation of pathogenic microbes, causing the pathogens to desiccate and die.
Production of antibiotics. Many biofungicides produce antibiotics, enzymes or other toxins that can disable or kill pathogenic microbes.
Biofungicide advantages
The advantages of biological fungicides are numerous. When correctly used as part of a disease-management program, they can cut production costs by reducing outlays on chemical fungicides.
Most biofungicides have low or zero restricted-entry intervals and are safe and nontoxic for workers, which makes for a more productive greenhouse environment. They are generally less phytotoxic than chemical fungicides, they are not harmful to beneficial insects and their unique modes of action are such that plant pathogens cannot develop resistance to them.
An ounce of prevention
In regards to biological fungicides, the adage “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure” is particularly apt. Growers and researchers stress that applying biofungicides at the earliest stages of plant development is key to their effectiveness.
Timing is critical because biofungicides are essentially preventive, and as such they work best when they are present before a disease organism gains a foothold. For soil-borne pathogens, that typically means drenching with a liquid or incorporating a granular formulation into the growing medium either prior to planting, at seed germination or at sticking vegetative cuttings.
For foliar diseases this means both spraying early and being particularly vigilant when environmental conditions are conducive to disease.
In cases where a pathogen is present and symptoms are visible, many growers will tank mix a biological fungicide with a chemical fungicide to give the pathogen a knock-out punch. Most biofungicides are compatible with chemical controls and can be tank-mixed with traditional fungicides, insecticides and foliar-applied micronutrients. Be sure to read product labels before mixing and application.
According to David Warman, business manager for turf and ornamental products at AgraQuest Inc., mixing a biofungicide with a chemical fungicide can create a synergistic effect. He said mixing lower rates of Rhapsody biofungicide with lower rates of a strobilurin fungicide such as Heritage, Cygnus or Compass O, provides greater disease control than from using either product alone. Used in this way, application of a biological fungicide can allow a grower to reduce the amount of traditional chemicals.
Biofungicides can also be used in rotation with chemical fungicides. Since biological fungicides don’t appear to have the potential to cause resistance, rotation with traditional chemicals can play an important role in an environmentally sound disease-resistance-management program.
Growers see positive results
The beneficial fungicidal and growth effects of biofungicides were showcased at the Penn State Extension’s Southeast Pennsylvania Poinsettia and Pansy Trials in November 2006. Dan Schantz Farm and Greenhouses in
Warren Jordan, owner of
Jordon said he liked the ease of using a medium premixed with a biofungicide (Bacillus subtilis MB1600), and he plans to expand use of the mix on his 2007 poinsettia crop. This past year, Jordon treated all of his poinsettias to a normal rotation of chemical fungicides, but he said he expects to reduce his chemical applications next year.
Bobby Deibel, general manager of Deibel’s Greenhouses in
Like Deibel, other growers have said that the growth stimulatory effects of biofungicides are more noticeably apparent in some greenhouse crops than in others. In addition to poinsettias, species such as pansies, lilies, dianthus, geraniums, impatiens and gerbera respond particularly well to biofungicides.
Jeff Lewis, head grower at Riverview Flower Farm Inc. in
Lewis relies on either a granular biofungicide (RootShield Granules or Actino-Iron) incorporated into growing mixes before planting or as a liquid drench. He said that incorporating a biofungicide allows plants to develop a strong root system. He also said that the early applications of biofungicides help to reduce labor costs. “In the long run it saves me from having to come in later on in the growth cycle with frequent applications of chemical fungicides,” Lewis said.
Because of
“Biofungicides can be introduced into the chemical rotation without any added burden,” he said. “And I’m all for products that are safer and less toxic for myself, for other workers and for the environment.”
For more: AgraQuest, Inc.,
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- Susan Mason
Susan Mason is a freelance writer in